Strategies

Features

Methods

Site Advantages

Diagrams

Protection

(Defense)

Hard

Dikes Levees Sea Walls Groins

Build physical barriers to block water

For hard-to-move facilities and infrastructure on flat ground

Soft

Mangroves Wetlands Sand dunes Tidal Flats

Create buffer with vegetation or landforms

For maintaining shoreline at sites with existing coastal forest or sand dunes

Accommodation

Raising level Desalination Drainage Alarm system

Upgrade functions while maintaining location

For redevelopment projects or facilities at sites without high ground nearby

Retreat

Relocation Abandonment

Relocate facilities to low-risk uplands

For residential and public facilities at sites with low-risk uplands nearby

Attack

Land Reclamation Piers Ports Harbors

Extend facilities towards water

For facilities requiring direct access to water