Strategies | Features | Methods | Site Advantages | Diagrams | |
Protection (Defense) | Hard | Dikes Levees Sea Walls Groins | Build physical barriers to block water | For hard-to-move facilities and infrastructure on flat ground | |
Soft | Mangroves Wetlands Sand dunes Tidal Flats | Create buffer with vegetation or landforms | For maintaining shoreline at sites with existing coastal forest or sand dunes | ||
Accommodation | Raising level Desalination Drainage Alarm system | Upgrade functions while maintaining location | For redevelopment projects or facilities at sites without high ground nearby | ||
Retreat | Relocation Abandonment | Relocate facilities to low-risk uplands | For residential and public facilities at sites with low-risk uplands nearby | ||
Attack | Land Reclamation Piers Ports Harbors | Extend facilities towards water | For facilities requiring direct access to water |